Abstract
Background. Micro-invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) and MIGS devices have been gaining increasing attention in recent years. One such device is the trabecular micro-bypass stent, or iStent® (Glaukos Corporation, Laguna Hills, USA).
Objectives. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the minimally invasive ab interno surgical implantation of a trabecular bypass during cataract surgery in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with mild and moderate open-angle glaucoma and cataracts.
Material and methods. The study was a prospective, uncontrolled, interventional case series (a prospective study of a case series), including 54 patients with a mean age of 72 years. All subjects underwent ab interno implantation of a single iStent together with cataract surgery. The corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), IOP, anti-glaucoma medications, visual field, and number and type of complications were investigated after surgery. The patients were followed up at 1, 7, and 30 days, and 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months after the operation.
Results. The mean observation time was 20 months. At baseline, CDVA was 0.5 or better in 65% of the eyes; this improved to 0.5 or better in all eyes (0.8 or better in 79%) at the end of the observation. The mean baseline IOP was 17.1 mm Hg, which fell to a mean of 15.1 mm Hg. The mean number of medicinal eye drops prescribed preoperatively was 1.7, which decreased to 0.26 at the end of the observation.
Conclusions. Cataract surgery combined with iStent implantation seems to be an effective procedure in patients with mild to moderate open-angle glaucoma and cataracts. The insertion of 1 stent resulted in a significant decrease in IOP and a reduction in the number of topical anti-glaucoma medications needed. Based on the characteristics of the observed complications, iStent implantation can be considered a safe method.
Key words: open-angle primary glaucoma, micro-invasive glaucoma surgery, iStent®
Introduction
Glaucoma is the second most common cause of blindness in the world and one of the major causes in Europe. It is a group of diseases that share a common feature: progressive damage to the optic nerve and related visual field defects. The main risk factor for the development of glaucoma neuropathy is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Reducing this pressure is still the only proven method of treating glaucoma.1
A common treatment of newly diagnosed mild to moderate open angle glaucoma (OAG) begins with local antihypertensive therapy, though laser trabeculoplasty is an alternative. The traditional approach to glaucoma treatment to date involves the use of surgical techniques as the ultimate therapeutic method. With the use of filtration procedures, which are the most common methods, obtaining good pressure control is associated with the risk of numerous intra- and postoperative complications. In addition, the use of anti-metabolites increases the risk of complications such as hypotension, leakage, filter bubble infection, and endophthalmitis.2
A better understanding of the pathophysiology of glaucoma, especially aqueous humor outflow pathways, has resulted in newer treatments. Starting from ab externo procedures, such as trabeculectomy or viscocanalostomy, through canoplasty, a group of ab interno treatments has been created, resulting in minimal trauma to the target tissue without affecting the anatomical structures and physiology of the eye, less invasiveness, good efficiency, and a high safety profile.3 A common term for these procedures is micro-invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS).4 The MIGS uses different types of implants. One of the first stents to be placed in the Schlemm’s canal was the iStent® microstent (Glaukos Corporation, Laguna Hills, USA). This is one of the smallest medical implants ever used in humans. Many prospective multicenter clinical trials have shown that the iStent® safely and effectively reduces IOP while reducing or eliminating the need for antihypertensive drugs. The data shows that the implantation of a single iStent in conjunction with a cataract surgery significantly reduces IOP for up to 5 years after surgery in patients with glaucoma and cataracts.
To investigate the potential usefulness of the microstent as a therapy in patients with early and intermediate glaucoma and cataracts, we conducted a prospective case series study assessing the efficacy and safety of a single iStent implant in surgery combined with cataract phacoemulsification.
Material and methods
Patients and study protocol
A prospective single-center study was conducted inwhich patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and cataracts were enrolled. The study protocol was in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Bioethics Committee at the Military Medical Institute (Warszawa, Poland). Prior to recruitment, legally binding, informed consent was obtained from each patient for Glaukos iStent implantation and cataract surgery.
The inclusion criteria were an IOP ≤ 31 mm Hg; the use of up to 4 antihypertensive drugs; open angle confirmed with gonioscopy; and mild (mean deviation (MD) from 0 to −6.0 dB) or moderate (MD from −6.0 to −12 dB) defects in the field of view confirmed using the ZEISS Humphrey Field Analyzer (Carl Zeiss AG, Jena, Germany) with the SITA Standard 24-2 program (Ophthalmological Clinic Military Institute of Medicine, Warszawa, Poland). Other inclusion criteria included a pre-operative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/200 or better, and the willingness to attend follow-up appointments for the duration of the study, i.e., 12 months.
The key exclusion criteria were forms of glaucoma other than primary open-angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma; evidence of serious eye diseases other than glaucoma and senile cataracts, such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy, corneal diseases (e.g., Fuchs dystrophy), age-related macular degeneration – the dry or exudative form; a narrow angle of filtration; previous anti-glaucoma treatment (trabeculoplasty, trabeculectomy, filtration, cyclocoablation, etc.); previous surgery not caused by glaucoma or cataracts, except for ophthalmic procedures; glaucoma defects in the field of view with an MD < −12 dB, as confirmed with a Humphrey field analyzer; and the use of more than 4 anti-glaucoma drugs.
iStent and surgical technique
An iStent® is a one-piece, L-shaped, heparin-coated titanium implant smaller than 1 mm and approx. 0.3 mm high. The iStent microfistula is inserted through a small incision in the transparent part of the cornea. It is used to drain the aqueous humor directly into the Schlemm’s canal. The stent is introduced ab interno into the Schlemm’s canal using a spring mechanism with a diameter of 27 G. One or more implants can be inserted into the corner on the nasal side. When the fistula is in place, a small blood reflux may occur, usually self-limiting in nature. The iStent implantation does not bypass the physiological outflow pathway, but supports it in the hope of achieving an acceptable IOP level and reducing or eliminating the use of anti-glaucoma drugs.
The surgical procedure was performed under local anesthesia with 2% xylocaine. After cataract removal and the creation of an artificial intraocular posterior chamber with phacoemulsification (facochop), the implantation of iStent began. The right stent was used in the right eyes and the left stent was used in the left eyes. The patient’s eyes were positioned nasally, and the microscope was turned 30° from the surgeon. A viscoelastic agent was administered into the anterior chamber for visibility. Through the existing temple opening in the corneal limbus, the iStent was introduced into the trabecular mesh at an angle of 20° and moved deeper. A spring injector was used for stent implantation, while a Swan–Jacobs gonioscope was used to visualize the angle of filtration. The “impact” of the stent on the tip of the injector from back to front confirmed the correct placement of the microimplant. After the applicator was withdrawn, the remaining viscoelastic agent was removed by irrigation and aspiration. The anterior chamber was sealed with saline solution and intraocular pressure was controlled to complete the surgery. All procedures were performed by the same surgeon (MR) in the Department of Ophthalmology of the Military Institute of Medicine.
Postoperative management
The patients used antibiotic and anti-inflammatory eye drops for 4 weeks. Postoperative check-ups took place on day 1, 7 and 30, and after 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months. At each examination, the BCVA was assessed with Snellen chart, IOP was measured with a Goldmann applanation tonometer, and the anterior segment and the fundus was examined in the slit lamp. The gonioscopic angle was also assessed (except for the 1st day after surgery). At the 12- and 24-month follow-up, the field of view was taken using a Humphrey apparatus with the SITA Standard 24-2 program. An important parameter evaluated in the study was the number of anti-glaucoma drugs used. Additional information collected throughout the study was related to treatment and/or study-related adverse effects.
Statistical analysis
The effectiveness of the procedures used in the study was analyzed on the basis of all available data from IOP measurements and the number of local antihypertensive drugs. A total IOP reduction to ≤15 mm Hg was considered independent of treatment, while a reduction in IOP to ≤18 mm Hg indicated a “partial success.”
For the continuous variables, 2 mock tests were used to assess differences between the groups. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare categorical results between the groups. To assess the effect of time and intervention on the measured parameters, linear mixed models with random constant expression were built for the patient. Model coefficients are reported with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and p-value; the level of the latter of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) statistical software package v. 9.1.3. (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, USA).
Results
Demographics
The study involved 54 eyes of 52 patients. The study group included 38 women and 14 men with a mean age of 72 years (standard deviation (SD) = 8 years). Most of the eyes (94%; n = 51) had primary open-angle glaucoma; 6% (n = 3) had pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. Two patients had both eyes enrolled in the study. The mean follow-up period was 20 months (SD = 10). A total of 44 eyes were observed for 12 months, observation of 32 eyes was completed within 24 months, and observation of 10 eyes was extended to 36 months. Demographic data and descriptive characteristics are presented in Table 1.
Intraocular pressure and medications
The baseline mean intraocular pressure was 17.1 ±3.5 mm Hg. The last study showed a decrease in IOP to mean values of 15.7 ±2.2 mm Hg; similar results were found after 12 months (Figure 1).
A reduction in IOP to a value ≤15 mm Hg occurred in 43% of the eyes (compared to 26% before surgery) and ≤18 mm Hg in 94% (compared with 63% before surgery; Figure 2).
The average number of drugs used before surgery was 1.7 ±0.9. Drug consumption decreased significantly. In a recent study, 74% of patients were able to eliminate topical medications, compared to 49% of patients on 2 or more drugs in their preoperative examinations (Figure 3). After 12 months, 70% of patients had achieved a reduction in IOP, 90% had reduced the number of drugs, and 98% had reduced IOP and/or drug use (Figure 4). At the end of the follow-up period, 66% of patients had lower IOP than before surgery, 85% had reduced their use of antihypertensive eye drops, and 94% of patients had achieved a reduction in IOP and/or a reduction in drug use.
Safety
In no case did the visual acuity deteriorate. In the whole study group at the end of observations, BCVA was 20/40; in 79% of cases, BCVA had reached 20/25 (Figure 5).
There were no significant complications after cataract phacoemulsification surgery with iStent implantation. One patient had a subconjunctival hemorrhage on the 1st day after surgery, in 5 eyes there were erythrocytes in the anterior chamber, and in 1 eye a corneal edema associated with an increase in IOP was revealed. All symptoms resolved completely within 7 days. One patient developed viral keratitis 1 week after surgery. Topical treatment was applied and the condition healed during the 1st month. The final visual acuity in this patient was 20/20. Table 2 presents the postoperative complications. Most complications occurred in the postoperative period and did not differ significantly from those after phacoemulsification of cataracts alone.
Discussion
Micro-invasive glaucoma surgery covers 3 anatomical areas: Schlemm’s canal, the suprachoroidal and subconjunctival spaces.4 Because 80% of the aqueous humor drains through the conventional route, methods have been sought for decades to improve the outflow of aqueous humor using trabecular formulations. Ab externo trabeculotomy was one such method,12, 13 used for the first time in adults by Tanihara et al.14 It was discovered that greater efficiency can be obtained by introducing a non-absorbable thread with prolenol into the Schlemm’s canal, stretching its walls. The use of microimplants in MIGS implanted into the Schlemm’s canal was another step in the quest to develop an effective, less invasive method. Performing surgery with an ab interno approach does not cause damage to eye tissues such as the conjunctiva and the sclera.
Samuelson et al. described the use of a single iStent in a surgery combined with phacoemulsification of cataracts.11 In our report, the patients who had undergone stent implantation had a reduction in IOP of 66% and the average number of antihypertensive drugs decreased. The results of our study are in line with previous reports on the effectiveness of using iStents to reduce IOP and topical drug use, as well as those regarding the high safety profile of the implant. The results show that more than 90% of patients experienced a reduction in IOP, a reduction in the number of drugs used or a reduction in both.
The Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial reported that the risk of glaucoma progression is reduced by 10% with every millimeter of mercury reduced from baseline IOP.15 Slowing or arresting disease progression is the goal of glaucoma treatment, and as stated in the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial analysis, even small decreases in IOP are clinically relevant. In our study, the average decrease in IOP was 2 mm Hg 6 months after surgery, with a sustained reduction for 12 months after surgery. Moreover, in about 50% of the eyes (n = 32), the follow-up time was extended to 2 years, and the IOP was <16 mm Hg. Because only 3 patients had pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, we did not further investigate the results by type of glaucoma. This could constitute a topic for further research. In addition, follow-up of all patients is being continued for 3 years to allow future coherent cohort analysis with long-term follow-up.
Our study has several limitations. The study was an open and non-randomized case series study. Baseline IOP without wash-out was analyzed. In their work, Ferguson et al.16 noticed a correlation between preoperative IOP and the degree of IOP reduction observed 2 years after surgery. Patients with higher preoperative IOP achieved a significantly greater average reduction in IOP; in eyes with a preoperative IOP of 26 mm Hg or more, an average reduction of 11.28 mm Hg was obtained. Our study was a prospective study showing the results in reducing both IOP and the use of anti-glaucoma drugs at each time point. In addition, all the procedures were performed by 1 surgeon (MR) in 1 center.
The use of the iStent reduced the average number of drugs needed to control IOP in patients with open-angle glaucoma. Postoperatively, the average decrease in local anti-glaucoma drugs within the first 2 years after surgery was 1.3 fewer drugs; 74% eliminated the need for antihypertensive agents completely. These data are consistent with the results of other studies, in which the number of anti-glaucoma eye drops used after cataract surgery with iStent implantation was monitored.4, 11, 17 Non-compliance with medical recommendations and a lack of regularity in taking anti-glaucoma drugs is still a serious problem, which may be responsible for nearly 10% of vision loss.18 Therefore, the goal of surgical treatment is not only a reduction in IOP, but also the elimination of the need for topical drugs that, when used chronically, have an adverse effect on the surface of the eyeball and reduce the effectiveness of filtration operations.
Micro-invasive procedures using ministents have a high safety profile. There are no complications like those following fistula follicle operations: hypotension, excessive filtration, infection, or early follicular overgrowth. Early undesirable symptoms after cataract surgery with iStent implantation are similar to those after cataract surgery alone. In our study, symptoms such as corneal erosion, conjunctival hemorrhage and erythrocytes in the anterior chamber disappeared within the first week. In addition, the rehabilitation time was significantly shorter compared to filtration procedures and there was no need for additional procedures such as administering subconjunctival metabolites, suture lysis or needling. The surface of the eyeball was not affected during the procedure, thanks to which there is still an unlimited possibility to conduct more invasive anti-glaucoma procedures.
Conclusions
The results of our study of cataract surgery combined with single iStent implantation in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or pseudoexfoliative glaucoma suggest that this is an effective procedure. The implantation of the ministent caused a permanent decrease in intraocular pressure as well as in the number of topical anti-glaucoma drugs. Based on the types of complications observed within the first 3 years, this surgical technique can be considered a safe method.
