Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine

Title abbreviation: Adv Clin Exp Med
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Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine

2012, vol. 21, nr 1, January-February, p. 115–123

Publication type: review article

Language: English

Antioxidant Vitamins in Atherosclerosis – Animal Experiments and Clinical Studies

Witaminy antyoksydacyjne w miażdżycy – doświadczenia na zwierzętach i badania kliniczne

Seckin Ozkanlar1,, Fatih Akcay2,

1 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey

2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey

Abstract

Atherosclerotic heart diseases are universal problems in modern society. Oxidative damage to lipids is a primary cause of atherosclerosis. There are many choices for treatment, but no definite recommendations to prevent the occurrence of the disease. There is a relationship between atherosclerotic risk factors and increased vascular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and ROS may directly cause endothelial dysfunction by reducing endothelial nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Vitamin E can to some degree prevent the consequences of oxidized LDL, and vitamin C provides NO synthase activity. Although prolonged use of vitamin A, C, and E supplementation in pharmaceutical forms has been proven to be effective in preventing atherosclerosis in animal experiments, this has not yet been demonstrated in clinical trials with human beings. It should be taken into account that the evidence has been gathered from young/adult experimental animals with early stages of arthrosclerosis and from in-vitro studies, while most of the clinical trials have involved older patients with late stages of the disease. Prolonged use of vitamins in the diet has not yet been recommended in human beings. There is some indication that a diet rich in antioxidant fruit and vegetables may be beneficial in the prevention of cardiovascular events.

Streszczenie

Miażdżyca układu krążenia jest powszechnym problemem współczesnego społeczeństwa. Oksydacyjne uszkodzenie lipidów jest główną przyczyną miażdżycy. Istnieje wiele możliwości leczenia, ale nie ma określonych zaleceń, jak zapobiec wystąpieniu choroby. Istnieje związek między czynnikami ryzyka miażdżycy a wzrostem wydzielania reaktywnych form tlenu (ROS) przez naczynia. Utlenione lipoproteiny o małej gęstości (LDL) i ROS mogą bezpośrednio powodować dysfunkcję śródbłonka, zmniejszając biodostępność tlenku azotu (NO) w śródbłonku. Witamina E może do pewnego stopnia zapobiegać skutkom utlenionych LDL, a witamina C zapewnia aktywność syntazy NO. Chociaż długotrwałe stosowanie suplementacji witamin A, C i E w postaci farmaceutycznej okazało się skuteczne w zapobieganiu miażdżycy u zwierząt doświadczalnych, to jeszcze nie sprawdzono tego w badaniach klinicznych na ludziach. Należy wziąć pod uwagę, że dowody zostały zebrane w badaniach na młodych i dorosłych zwierzętach doświadczalnych na wczesnych etapach choroby oraz w badaniach in vitro, podczas gdy w większości badań klinicznych brali udział starsi pacjenci na zaawansowanym etapie choroby. Długotrwałe stosowanie witamin w diecie nie jest jeszcze zalecane u ludzi. Istnieją pewne przesłanki, że dieta uwzględniająca bogate w przeciwutleniacze owoce i warzywa może być korzystna w zapobieganiu incydentom sercowo-naczyniowym.

Key words

antioxidant, vitamin A, C, E, folate, flavonoid, atherosclerosis

Słowa kluczowe

przeciwutleniacze, witaminy A, C, E, kwas foliowy, flawonoidy, miażdżyca

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