Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine
2009, vol. 18, nr 6, November-December, p. 649–655
Publication type: review article
Language: English
Postmastectomy Breast Reconstruction with Autologous Tissue – Pedicled Flaps. Part I
Rekonstrukcje piersi po mastektomii tkankami własnymi – płaty uszypułowane. Część I
1 Department of Plastic Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
2 Department of Plastic Surgery, Specialist Medical Center, Polanica Zdroj, Poland
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common tumor afflicting women. Breast loss is a dramatic experience triggering profound trauma. Contemporary operating techniques provide women with the opportunity for effective rehabilitation and a return to regular functioning in society. This paper presents the current state of the art concerning breast reconstruction with autologous tissue with application of the pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap and the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous island flap.
Streszczenie
Rak sutka jest najczęstszym nowotworem u kobiet. Utrata piersi jest tragicznym wydarzeniem wywołującym głęboki uraz psychiczny. Współczesne techniki operacyjne rekonstrukcji piersi stwarzają kobietom szansę na skuteczną rehabilitację i powrót do normalnego funkcjonowania psychospołecznego. W pracy przedstawiono aktualny stan wiedzy dotyczący rekonstrukcji piersi tkankami własnymi z zastosowaniem uszypułowanego płata skórno−mięśniowego z mięśnia prostego brzucha (TRAM) oraz płata skórno−mięśniowego z mięśnia najszerszego grzbietu (LD).
Key words
breast reconstruction, pedicled flaps, breast cancer
Słowa kluczowe
rekonstrukcje piersi, płaty uszypułowane, rak piersi
References (51)
- Keith DJ, Walker MB, Walker LG, Heys SD, Sarkar TK, Hutcheon AW, Eremin O: Women who wish breast reconstruction: characteristics, fears, and hopes. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003, 111, 1051–1056.
- Brandberg Y, Malm M, Blomqvist L: A prospective and randomized study, “SVEA”, comparing effect of three methods for delayed breast reconstruction on quality of life, patient−defined problem areas of life, and cosmetic results. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000, 105, 66–74.
- Tran NV, Chang DW, Gupta A, Kroll SS, Robb GL: Comparison of immediate and delayed free TRAM flap breast reconstruction in patients receiving postmastectomy radiation therapy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001, 108, 78–82.
- Vanderweyer E, Deraemaecker R: Radiation therapy after immediate breast reconstruction with implants. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000, 106, 56–58.
- Spear SL, Onyewu C: Staged breast reconstruction with saline−filled implants in the irradiated breast: recent trends and therapeutic implications. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000, 105, 930–942.
- Tran NV, Evans GRD, Kroll SS, Baldwin BJ, Miller MJ, Reece GP, Robb GL: Postoperative adjuvant irradiation: effect on transverse rectus abdominis muscle flap breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000, 106, 313–317.
- Rogers NE, Allen RJ: Radiation effect on breast reconstruction with the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002, 109, 1919–1924.
- Maxwell GP: Iginio Tansini and the origin of the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 1980, 65, 686–692.
- Olivari N: The latissimus flap. Br J Plast Surg 1976, 29, 126–128.
- MühlbauerW, Olbrisch R: The latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for breast reconstruction. Chirurgica Plastica 1977, 4, 27.
- Schneider WJ, Hill HL, Brown RG: Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for breast reconstruction. Br J Plast Surg 1977, 30, 277–281.
- Wolf LE, Biggs TM: Aesthetic refinements in the use of the latissimus dorsi flap in breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 1982, 69, 788–793.
- Tschopp H: Evaluation of long−term results in breast reconstruction using the latissimus dorsi flap. Ann Plast Surg 1991, 26, 328–340.
- Smith BK, Cohen BE, Biggs TM, Suber J: Simultaneous bilateral breast reconstruction using latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps: a retrospective review of an institutional experience. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001, 108, 1174–1181.
- Towpik E: Rekonstrukcja sutka po mastektomii wyspowym płatem z mięśnia najszerszego grzbietu bez endoprotezy. Pol Tyg Lek 1988, 18, 1058–1063.
- Towpik E, Różycki−Gerlach W: Breast reconstruction using latissimus dorsi island flap without an endoprosthesis. Eur J Surg Oncol 1992, 18, 53–55.
- Clough KB, Louis−Sylvestre C, Fitoussi A, Couturaud B, Nos C: Donor site sequelae after autologous breast reconstruction with an extended latissimus dorsi flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002, 109, 1904–1910.
- Gerber B, Krause A, Reimer T, Müller H, Friese K: Breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap: improved aesthetic results after transection of its humeral insertion. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999, 103, 1876–1881.
- De Mey A, Lejour M, Declety A, Meythiaz AM: Late results and current indications of latissimus dorsi breast reconstructions. Br J Plast Surg 1991, 44, 1–4.
- Moore T, Farrell L: Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for breast reconstruction: long−term results. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992, 89, 666–671.
- Hokin JAB: Mastectomy reconstruction without a prosthetic implant. Plast Reconstr Surg 1983, 72, 810–818.
- Delay E, Gounot N, Bouillot A, Zlatoff P, Rivoire M: Autologous latissimus breast reconstruction: a 3−year clinical experience with 100 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998, 102, 1461–1478.
- Chang DW, Youssef A, Cha S, Reece GP: Autologous breast reconstruction with the extended latissimus dorsi flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002, 110, 751–759.
- Mc Craw JB, Papp C, Edwards A, Mc Mellin A: The autogenous latissimus breast reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg 1994, 21, 279–288.
- Menke H, Erkens M, Olbrisch RR: Evolving concepts in breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flaps: results and follow−up of 121 consecutive patients. Ann Plast Surg 2001, 47, 107–114.
- Robbins TH: Rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for breast reconstruction. Aust N Z J Surg 1979, 49, 527–530.
- Hartrampf CR, Shceflan M, Black PW: Breast reconstruction with a transverse abdominal island flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 1982, 69, 216–224.
- Hartrampf CR Jr, Anton MA, Breid JT: Breast reconstruction with the transverse abdominal island (TRAM) flap. In: Georgiade Plastic, Maxillofacial and Reconstructive Surgery. Eds.: Georgiadae GS, Riefkohl R, Levin LS. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Philadelphia, London, Paris, Bangkok, Hong Kong, Munich, Sydney, Tokyo, Wrocław 1997, 3rd ed., 786–797.
- Taylor GI, Palmer JH: The vascular territories (angiosomes) of the body. Experimental study and clinical applications. Br J Plast Surg 1987, 40, 113–141.
- Cormac GC, Lamberty BGH: The Arterial Anatomy of Skin Flaps. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, London 1986, 266–271.
- Moon HK, Taylor GI: The vascular anatomy of rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps based on deep superior epigastric system. Plast Reconstr Surg 1988, 82, 815–829.
- Clugston PA, Lennox PA, Thompson RP: Intraoperative vascular monitoring of ipsilateral vs. contralateral TRAM flaps. Ann Plast Surg 1998, 41, 623–628.
- Clugston PA, Gingrass MK, Azurin D, Fisher J, Maxwell GP: Ipsilateral Pedicled TRAM flaps: The safer alternative? Plast Reconstr Surg 2000, 105, 77–82.
- Olding M, Emory RE, Barrett WL: Preferential use of the ipsilateral pedicle in TRAM flap breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 1998, 40, 349–353.
- Padubidri AN, Yetman R, Browne E, Lucas A, Papay F, Larive B, Zins J: Complications of postmastectomy breast reconstruction in smokers, ex−smokers, and non−smokers. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001, 107, 342–349.
- Schusterman MA, Kroll SS, Weldon ME: Immediate breast reconstruction: why the free TRAM over the conventional TRAM flap? Plast Reconstr Surg 1992, 90, 255–261.
- Kroll SS: Bilateral breast reconstruction in very thin patients with extended free TRAM flaps. Br J Plast Surg 1998, 51, 535–537.
- Baldwin BJ, Schusterman MA, Miller MJ, Kroll SS, Wang BG: Bilateral breast reconstruction: conventional versus free TRAM. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994, 93, 1410–1416.
- Moran SL, Serletti JM: Outcome comparison between free and pedicled TRAM flap breast reconstruction in obese patient. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001, 108, 1954–1960.
- Erdmann D, Sundin BM, Moquin KJ, Young H, Georgiade GS: Delay in unipedicled TRAM flap reconstruction of the breast: a review of 76 consecutive cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002, 110, 762–767.
- Scheufler O, Andersin R, Kirch A, Banzer D, Vaubel E: Clinical results of TRAM flap delay by selective embolization of the deep inferior epigastric arteries. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000, 105, 1320–1329.
- Hudson DA: The surgically delayed unipedicled TRAM flap for breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 1996, 36, 238–242.
- Jensen JA, Handel N, Silverstein MJ, Waisman J, Gierson ED: Extended skin island delay of the unipedicle TRAM flap: experience in 35 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995, 96, 1341–1345.
- Ribuffo D, Muratori L, Antoniadou K, Fanini F, Martelli E, Martini M, Messineo D, Trinci M, Scuderi N: A hemodynamic approach to clinical results in the TRAM flap after selective delay. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997, 99, 1706–1714.
- Towpik E, Mazur S, Witwicki T, Tchorzewska H, Jackiewicz P: Elevating the Island: The Simplest Method of Delaying the TRAM Flap. Ann Plast Surg 2000, 45, 240–243.
- Harashina T, Sone K, Inoue T, Fukuzumi S, Enomoto K: Augmentation of circulation of pedicled transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps by microvascular surgery. Br J Plast Surg 1987, 40, 367–370.
- Semple JL: Retrograde microvascular augmentation (turbocharging) of a single−pedicle TRAM flap through a deep inferior epigastric arterial and venous loop. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994, 93, 109–117.
- Ishii CH Jr, Bostwick J 3rd, Raine TJ, Coleman JJ 3rd, Hester TR: Double−pedicle transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for unilateral breast and chest wall reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 1985, 76, 901–907.
- Wagner DS, Michelow BJ, Hartrampf CR Jr: Double−pedicle TRAM flap for unilateral breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991, 88, 987–997.
- Towpik E, Witwicki T, Mazur S, Kułakowski A: Natychmiastowa rekonstrukcja piersi uszypułowanym płatem TRAM z mikrozespoleniem naczyń nabrzusznych dolnych i piersiowo−grzbietowych. Nowotwory 1998, 48, 57–62.
- Witwicki T, Towpik E, Mazur S, Tchórzewska H, Jackiewicz P, Nagadowska M, Chmielewski R: Ocena wczesnych wyników rekonstrukcji piersi uszypułowanym wyspowym płatem z mięśnia prostego brzucha z dodatkowym mikrozespoleniem naczyń nabrzusznych dolnych. Pol Przeg Chir 2000, 72, 799–805.