Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine

Title abbreviation: Adv Clin Exp Med
JCR Impact Factor (IF) – 2.1 (5-Year IF – 2.0)
Journal Citation Indicator (JCI) (2023) – 0.4
Scopus CiteScore – 3.7 (CiteScore Tracker – 4.1)
Index Copernicus  – 171.00; MNiSW – 70 pts

ISSN 1899–5276 (print)
ISSN 2451-2680 (online)
Periodicity – monthly

Download original text (EN)

Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine

2008, vol. 17, nr 3, May-June, p. 337–345

Publication type: review article

Language: English

Come Back to Root – Therapeutic Activities of Scutellaria baicalensis Root in Aspect of Innate Immunity Regulation – Part I

Wróć do korzenia – lecznicze działanie korzenia tarczycy bajkalskiej w świetle regulacji wrodzonej odporności – część 1

Zofia Błach−Olszewska1,, Eliza Lamer−Zarawska2,

1 Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland

2 Institute of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Silesian Piasts University of Medicine in Wrocław, Poland

Abstract

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Engl. skullcap or baical skullcap; Chin huang qin, Jap. ougon or ogon) is widely used in traditional and modern oriental medicine. This Asian plant is acclimated and cultivated in Central European condition (including Poland). Therapeutic activities of flavonoids of skullcap roots are known. Among the flavones: baicalein, baicalin, wogonin and wogonoside are the most important. In the review, several potential activities of the extracts and flavones of Scutellaria baicalensis roots are described. Anti−bacterial, anti−viral, antitumor, anti−inflammatory activities in aspect of innate immunity regulation seems very important. Moreover, possible therapeutic activities in neurodegenerative diseases promise their therapeutic usefulness. Many diseases, i.e. tumor, neurodegenerative, include Alzheimer disease (AD), and inflammatory diseases (hepatitis, colitis, arthritis, dermatitis and others) are accompanied by inflammatory reactions. The inflammation of neurones is often the result of over−activation of immunity (i.e. by β−amyloid in AD). Some diseases are accompanied by deficiency of innate immunity reactions. The deficiency was described for infectious (bacterial and viral) and tumor diseases. In view of the wide activities of Scutellaria flavonoids in different inflammatory diseases, regulatory effect on the innate immunity is postulated.

Streszczenie

Tarczyca bajkalska (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) jest rośliną leczniczą, szeroko stosowaną w tradycyjnej i współczesnej medycynie orientalnej. Ta azjatycka roślina została zaaklimatyzowana i jest hodowana w środkowej Europie (w tym w Polsce). Znane jest lecznicze działanie flawonoidów korzenia tarczycy, a wśród nich najważniejszymi są: bajkaleina, bajkalina, wogonina i wogonozyd. W artykule opisano potencjalne działanie wyciągów i flawonów uzyskanych z tej rośliny. Zdumiewająco szeroki zakres aktywności obejmuje: przeciwbakteryjne, przeciwwirusowe, przeciwzapalne, przeciwnowotworowe działanie. Przedstawiono działanie terapeutyczne w chorobach neurodegeneracyjnych (np. chorobie Alzheimera) i zapalnych schorzeniach wątroby, skóry, okrężnicy i w artretyzmie. Wspólnym zaburzonym mechanizmem we wszystkich wymienionych chorobach jest wrodzona odporność, która ma nieswoisty charakter. W tym aspekcie regulacja wrodzonej odporności przez flawonowe preparaty uzyskane z tarczycy bajkalskiej budzi zainteresowanie.

Key words

Scutellaria baicalensis flavonoids, antiinflammatory activity, antimicrobial, antitumor, innate immunity

Słowa kluczowe

flawonoidy tarczycy bajkalskiej, aktywność przeciwzapalna, przeciwdrobnoustrojowa, przeciwnowotworowa, wrodzona odporność

References (46)

  1. Nathan C: Antibiotics at the crossroad. Nature 2004, 431, 899–902.
  2. Cushnie Tim TP, Lamb AJ: Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids rev. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005, 26, 343–356.
  3. You−Ping Zhu: Chinese Materia Medica (Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applications), Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam 1998, 127–135.
  4. Franzblau SG, Cross C: Comparative in vitro antimicrobial activity of Chinese medicinal herbs. J Ethnopharmacol 1986, 15, 279–288..
  5. Fujita M, Shiota S, Kuroda T, Hatano T, Yoshida T, Mizushima T, Tsuchiya T: Remarkable synergies between baicalein and tetracycline, and baicalein and β−lactams against methicillin−resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Immunol 2005, 49, 391–396.
  6. Yang ZC, Wang BC, Yang XS, Wang Q, Ran L: The synergistic activity of antibiotics combinet with eight traditional Chinese medicines against two different strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2005, 41, 79.
  7. Błaszczyk T, Krzyżanowska J, Lamer−Zarawska E: Screening for antimycotic properties of 56 Traditional Chinese Drugs. Phytother Res 2000, 14, 210–212.
  8. Li BQ, Fu T, Dongyan Y, Mikovits JA, Ruscetti FW, Wang JM: Flavonoid baicalin inhibits HIV−1 infection at the level of viral entry. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000, 276, 534–538.
  9. Lam TL, Lam ML, Au TK, Ip DT, Ng TB, Fong WP, Wan DC: A comparison of human immunodeficiency virus type−1 protease inhibition activities by the aqueous and methanol extracts of Chinese medicinal herbs. Life Sci 2000, 67, 2889–2896.
  10. Li BQ, Fu T, Yan YD, BaylorNW, Ruscetti FW, Kung HF: Inhibition of HIV infection by baicalin – a flavonoid compound purified from Chinese herbal medicine. Cell Mol Biol Res 1993, 39, 119–124.
  11. Coon JT, Ernst E: Complementary and alternative therapies in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a systemic review. J Hepatol 2004, 40, 491–500.
  12. Huang RL, Chen CC, Huang HL, Chang CG, Chen CF, Chang C, Hsieh MT: Anti−hepatitis B virus effects of wogonin isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis. Planta Medica 2000, 66, 694–698.
  13. Nagai T, Suzuki Y, Tomimori T, Yamada H: Antiviral activity of plant flavonoid,5,7, 4’−trihydroxy−8− −methoxyflavone, from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis against influenza A (H3N2) and B viruses. Biol Pharm Bull 1995, 18, 295–299.
  14. Li Y, Ooi LS, Wang H, But PP, Ooi VE: Antiviral activities of medicinal herbs traditionally used in southern mainland China. Phytother Res 2004, 18, 718–722.
  15. Aung HH, Mehendale SR, Wang Cz, Xie JT, Chang WT, Yuan CS: Scutellaria baicalensis decreases ritonavir induced nausea. AIDS Res Ther 2005, 2, 12.
  16. Tang NY, Yang JS, Chang YH, Lu HF, Hsia TC, Lin WC, Chung JG: Effect of wogonin on the levels of cytokines and functions of leukocytes associated with NF−kappa B expression in Sprague−Dawley rats. In Vivo 2006, 20, 527–532.
  17. Kim DH, Kim HK, Park S, Kim JY, Zon Y, Cho KH, Kim YS, Kim DH, Yu BP, Choi JS, Chung HY: Shortterm feeding of baicalin inhibits age−associated NF−kappa B activation. Mech Ageing Dev 2006, 127, 719–725.
  18. Liu LL, Gong LK, Wang H, Xiao Y, Wu XF, Zhang YH, Xue X, Qi XM, Ren J: Baicalin protects mouse from Concanavalin A−induced liver injury through inhibition of cytokine production and hepatocyte apoptosis. Liver Int 2007, 27, 582–591.
  19. Woo KJ, Lim JH, Suh SI et al.: Differential inhibitory effects of baicalein and baicalin on LPS−induced cyclooxygenase−2−expression through inhibition of C/EBPbeta DNA−binding activity. Immunobiology 2006, 211, 359–368.
  20. Chang WT, Shao ZH, Yin YY, Mehendale S, Wang CZ, Qin Y, Li J Chen WJ, Chien CT, Becker LB, Vanden Hoeck TL, Yuan CS: Comparative effects of flavonoids on oxidant scavenging and ischemia−reperfusion injury in cardiomyocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2007, 566, 58–66.
  21. Zhang XP, Zhang L, He JX et al.: Experimental study of therapeutic efficacy of Baicalin in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2007, 13, 717–724.
  22. Burnett BP, Jia Q, Zhao Y, Levy RM: A medicinal extract of Scutellaria baicalensis and Acacia catechu acts as a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and 5−lipoxygenase to reduce inflammation. J Med Food 2007, 10(3), 442–451.
  23. Chen S, Ruan Q, Bednmer E, Deptala A, Wang X, Hsieh TC, Trganos F, Darzynkiewicz Z: Effects of the flavonoid baicalin and its metabolite baicalein on androgen receptor expression, cell cycle progression and apoptosis of prostate cancer cell lines. Cell Prolif 2001, 34, 393–304.
  24. Himeji M, Ohtsuki T, Fukuzawa H, Tanaka M, Yazaki S, Ui S, Nishiro K, Yamamoto H, Tasaka K, Mimura A: Difference of growth−inhibitory effect of Scutellaria baicalensis−producing wogonin among human cancer cells and normal diploid cell. Cancer Lett 2007, 245, 269–274.
  25. Yin X, Zhu J, Xing D, Zhang Y: Anticancer activity and mechanism of Scutellaria barbata extract on human lung cancer cell line A549. Life Sci 2004, 75, 2233–2244.
  26. Ye F, Jang S et al.: Molecular mechanism of anti−prostate cancer activity of Scutellaria baicalensis extract. Nutr Cancer 2007, 57, 100–110.
  27. Sun JP, Jia YJ, Song J: Study on molecular mechanism of inhibitory effect of baicalin on proliferation of insulinoma cell line in rats. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi, 2006, 26, 337–340.
  28. Ciesielska E, Gwardys A, Metodiewa D: Anticancer, antiradical and antioxidative actions of novel Antoksyd S® and its major components, baicalin and baicalein. Anticancer Res 2002, 22, 2885–2891.
  29. Ciesielska E, Wolszczak M, Gulanowski B, Szulawska A, Kochman A, Metodiewa D: In vitro antileukemic, antioxidant and prooxidant activities of Antoxyd S (C/EXXI): a comparison with baicalin and baicalein. In vivo 2004, 18, 497–504.
  30. Kumagai T, Muller CJ, Desmond JC, Jmai Y, Herber D, Koeffler HP: Scutellaria baicalensis, a herbal medicine: antiproliferative and apoptic activity against acute lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma cell lines. Leuk Res 2007, 31, 523–530.
  31. Woźniak D, Lamer−Zarawska E, Matkowski A: Antimutagenic and antiradical properties of flavones from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Nahrung 2004, 48, 9–12.
  32. Dygai AM, Suslov NI et al.: The modulating effects of preparations of Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) on erythron reactions under conditions of neurotic exposures. Eksp Klin Farmakol 1998, 61, 37–39.
  33. Piao HZ, Jin SA, Chun HS, Lee JC, Kim WK: Neuroprotective effect of wogonin: potential roles of inflammatory cytokines. Arch Pharm Res 2004, 27, 930–936.
  34. Park HG, Yoon SY, Choi JY, Lee GS, Choi JH, Shin CY, Son KH, Lee YS, Kim WK, Ryu JH, Ko KH, Cheong JH: Anticonvulsant effect of wogonin isolated from Scutellaria baicalensisi. Eur J Pharmacol 2007, 574 (2–3), 112–119.
  35. Lee HH, Yang LL, Wang CC, Hu SY, Ghang SF, Lee YH: Differential effects of natural polyphenols on neuronal survival in primary cultured central neurons against glutamateand glukosedeprivation−induced neuronal death. Brain Res 2003, 986, 103–113.
  36. Liao FF, Hung WY, Chen CF: Anxiolytic−like effect of baicalin and baicalein in the Fogel conflict test in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2003, 464, 141–146.
  37. Heo HJ, Kim DO, Chois J, Shin DH, Lee CY: Potent inhibitory effect of flavonoids in Scutellaria baicalensis on amyloid beta protein−induced neurotoxicity. J Agric Food Chem 2004, 52, 4128–4132.
  38. Li FQ, Wang T, Pei Z, Liu B, Hong JS: Inhibition of microglial activation by the herbal flavonoid baicalein attenuates inflammation−mediated degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. J Neural Transm 2005, 112, 331–347.
  39. Shang YZ, Miao H, Cheng JJ, Qi YM: Effect of amelioration of total flavonoids from stem and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi on cognitive deficits, neural damage and free radicals disorder induced by cerebral ischemia in rats. Biol Pharm Bull, 2006, 29, 805–810.
  40. Błach−Olszewska Z, Leszek J: Mechanisms of over−activated innate immune system regulation in autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders. Neuropsychiatric Dis Treat. 2007, 3, 365–372.
  41. Błach−Olszewska Z: Innate immunity: cells, receptors, and signaling pathways. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 2005, 53, 245–253.
  42. Orzechowska B, Antoszków Z, Błach−Olszewska Z: Individual differentiation of innate antiviral immunity in humans; role of endogenous interferons and tumor necrosis factor in immunity of leukocytes. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 2003, 51, 51–60.
  43. Błach−Olszewska Z, Zaczyńska E, Kiełbiński M, Frydecka I: Deficiency of innate immunity of leukocytes is associated with the failure of the induction of remission and survival time in patients with acute leukemia. Pol J Environ Stud 2005, 14, Suppl 2, 36–40.
  44. Rifkin IR, Leadbeter EA, Busconi L, Viglianti G, Marshak−Rothstein A: Toll−like receptors, endogenous ligands, and systemic autoimmune disease. Immunological Rev 2005, 204, 27–42. 344 Z. BŁACH−OLSZEWSKA, E. LAMER−ZARAWSKA
  45. Baccala R, Kono DH, Thelofilopoulus AN: Interferons as pathogenic effectors in autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2005, 204, 9–26.
  46. Błach−Olszewska Z, Jatczak B, Rak A, Lorenc M, Gulanowski B, Drobna A, Lamer−Zarawska E: Production of cytokines and stimulation of resistance to viral infection in human leukocytes by Scutellaria baicalensis flavones. J IFN Cytokines Res 2008, 28 (in press).
© Wroclaw Medical University